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In most children and young adults with scoliosis, the cause is unknown (idiopathic). However, recent research shows that it may be passed on from parents to children (inherited).

The remainder of cases of scoliosis may be caused by a variety of disorders including:
Birth disorders (congenital), such as spina bifida (when the spinal canal does not close properly), uneven leg lengths, or a disorder that affects the formation of bones (osteogenesis imperfecta)

Nerve or muscular disorders, including cerebral palsy, neurofibromatosis, Marfan’s syndrome (a connective tissue disease), muscle spasms or muscle wasting, or a spinal cord defect
Other diseases such as poliomyelitis, tuberculosis, or spinal tumors

Spinal injuries
Paralysis
Hysteria (rare). Hysterical scoliosis is a rare form of spinal curvature that may occur with no spinal rotation. The amount of deformity may vary from day to day in this type of scoliosis and psychotherapy may be needed for treatment.

Spinal curvature caused by radiation therapy used to treat tumors elsewhere in the body (such as the kidney). Although this was more common in the past, it very rarely occurs now.

Osteoarthritis and osteoporosis can cause degenerative scoliosis in older adults.

Scoliosis is not caused by poor posture.